AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
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STUDY GUIDE TERMS
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| *The following is a list of study guide terms for the entire course. While this is not a complete list, is is quite substantial and follows material related to each chapter of McKay, A History of Western Society. The terms will be upated, hopefully with the help of AP European students, throughout the school year. So far I have put up terms for Chapters 12-21 of McKay. This includes everything from the Late Middle Ages to the French Revolution and Napoleonic Era. This will be the stopping point for the class for the 1st Semester. I will put the 2nd Semester Terms (Chapters 22-31) on this site during Christmas Vacation. |
CHAPTER 12
| Four Horseman of the Apocalypse | Geoffrey Chaucer |
| European Famine (1315-1317) | Craft Guilds |
| Edward I (Longshanks) | Wat Tyler and John Ball (1381 Revolt) |
| Edward II | The Jacquerie (1358) |
| Phillip IV (the Fair) | The Ciompi Revolt (1378) |
| The Black Plague | Marsiglio of Padua/ Defensor Pacis |
| The Hundred Years' War (1337-1456) | John Wycliffe/ Lollards |
| Crecy, Poitiers, Agincourt | Jan Hus/ Hussites |
| Longbow/Cannon | Francois Villon |
| Joan of Arc/ Battle of Orleans | Christine de Pisan |
| Nationalism/ Chivalry | Thomas Becket |
| Fur Collar Criminals | St. Catherine of Siena |
| The 2nd Babylonian Captivity (1305-77) | Pope Boniface VIII |
| Pope Clement V | The Golden Bull (1356) |
| Pope Urban VI | Unam Sanctam |
| The Great Schism (1378-1417) | Crime at Agnani |
| The Conciliar Movement | Treaty of Troyes (1420 |
| The Council of Constance (1414-1417) | Charles VII (the dauphin) |
| The Council of Pisa (1409) | Edward III (the Black Prince) |
| The Council of Basel | Battle of Castillon (1453) |
| Vernacular Literature | Battle of Sluys (1340) |
| Dante Alghieri | Sallic Law |
CHAPTER 13
| Pope Alexander VI (orgy pope) | Francois Rabelais |
| Giovanni Boccaccio | Massaccio |
| Sandro Botticelli | The "New Monarchs" |
| Filippo Brunelleschi | The Star Chamber |
| Michelangelo Buanorroti | Quattrocentro |
| Baldasarre Castiglione | "L'uomo Universale" |
| Benvenuto Cellini | Raphael Sanzio |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | Cesare Borgia |
| Lorenzo and Cosimo De' Medici | Lorenzo Valla |
| Pico della Mirandola | The Hapsburg-Valois Wars |
| Donatello | The War of the Roses (1455-85) |
| Erasmus | Reconquista/ Poemo del mio Cid |
| Jacob Fugger | Johann Gutenburg/ The Printing Press |
| Lorenzo Ghiberti | Laura Cereta "Real Sister Shakespeare" |
| Giotto | Sofonisba Anguissola |
| Hans Holbein the Younger | Jan Van Eyck |
| Renaissance Humanism | Jacques Lefevre D'Etaples |
| Individualism | The Inquisition/ Moriscos |
| Secularism | Leon Battista Alberti |
| Classical Antiquity | Giorgione/ Titian |
| Pope Julius II (warrior pope) | 5 Artistic Movements of Renaissance |
| Pope Leo X (indulgences pope) | Pazzi Conspiracy (1478) |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Isabelle D'Este |
| Sir Thomas More | Charles V's sack of Rome (1527) |
| Francois Rabelais | Charles VII's invasion of Italy (1494) |
| Girolamo Savanarola |
CHAPTER 14
| Thomas Wolsey | Geneva/ "A City that was a church" |
| Antoine Du Prat | The Consistory |
| Absenteeism | Michael Servetus |
| Benifices, Pluralism, Simony | Predestination/ The Elect |
| Cardinal Franciso Jiminez | Anabaptists/ Thomas Munzer, John of Leyden, Munster Rebels, Menno Simons |
| Thomas a Kempis, The Imitation of Christ | Peasant Revolts (1523-24), 12 Articles |
| The Lateran Council (1512-1517) | William Tyndale |
| Archbishop Albert | Henry VIII/ Catherine of Aragon/ Anne Boelyn |
| Johann Tetzel | Pope Clement VII |
| Martin Luther/ 95 Theses | Thomas Cramner/ Book of Common Prayer/ 42 Articles of Religion |
| Diet of Worms (1521) | Turmoil of the Extremes |
| Johann Eyck | Pilgrimmage of Grace |
| Charles V (an inherited migraine) | Mary Tudor |
| Transubstantiation/Consubstantiation | Edward VI |
| Luther's Political Conservatism | Elizabeth I/ Act of Uniformity/ 39 Articles |
| The Golden Bull (1356) | Henry VIII's ambiguously Catholic Legacy/ Six Articles |
| Schmalkaldic League | Mary, Queen of Scots |
| Peace of Augsburg (1555) "cuius regio, eius religio" | John Knox, Presbyterian Church of Scotland |
| Uldrich Zwingli/ Marburg Colloquy | Pope Adrian VI |
| St. Ignatius of Loyola/ Spiritual Exercises | Gian Pietro Caraffa/ Roman Inquisition |
| Jesuits/ Society of Jesus | Council of Trent (1545-63) |
| Catholic/Counter Reformation | Angela Merici/ Ursulines |
| Index of Prohibited Books | St. Theresa of Avila/ Discalced Carmelites |
| excommunication/interdict | |
| Jean Calvin/ Institutes of Christian Religion |
CHAPTER 15
| Prince Henry the Navigator/ Sagres | St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572) |
| Ceuta | War of the Three Henry's |
| Prester John | politique |
| Vasco de Gama | Henry IV of Navarre/ "Paris is worth a Mass" |
| Pedro Cabral | Edict of Nantes (1598) |
| Bartholomew Diaz | Duke of Sully |
| Alfonso de Albequerque | Phillip II/ Ferdinand I |
| Cannon, Caravel, Astrolabe | Revolt of the Netherlands |
| Explorers' Motives for Exploration | Duke of Alva/ Council of Blood |
| The Christopher Columbus Controversy | Iconoclasm |
| Ferdinand Magellen | 1588/ Defeat of the Spanish Armada |
| Jacques Cartier | Battle of Lepanto (1573) |
| John Cabot | Alexander Farnese/ Carrot-Stick Diplomacy |
| Sir Walter Raleigh | The Netherlandian Split/ Union of Utrecht |
| Francisco Pizarro | Thirty Years War (1618-48)/ Four Phases |
| Peruvian Silver Mines/ Bullion | Albert of Wallenstein |
| Audencia/ Intendents/ Encomiendas | Christian IV of Denmark/ Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden |
| Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559) | Edict of Restitution |
| Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges | Bohemia/ Defenestration of Prague |
| Concordat of Bologna | Lutzen and Breitenfeld |
| Gabelle/ Taille | Peace of Westphalia (1648) |
| Huguenots | The Great European Witchhunt |
| Catherine de'Medici (Mob Boss) | European Slavery/ Modern Racism |
| Henry's 3 Inept, Inbred Sons | Michel de Montaigne/ Essays/ Modern Skepticism |
| Navarre/Bourbon/Guise | Elizabethan and Jacobean Literature |
| John Milton | Mannerism/ Anti-Renaissance |
| William Shakespeare | Dutch Style/ Dutch Masters |
| Christopher Marlowe | William "the Silent" of Orange |
| John Donne | The Biological Exchange |
| The Baroque Period in Art | Bartolome De Las Casas |
| Peter Paul Rubens/ Caravaggio/ Velasquez/ Bernini | Treaty of Tordesillas/ Treaty of Alvocavas/ Papal Demarcation Line |
| Johann Sebastian Bach | John van Oldenbarneveldt |
CHAPTER 16
| Absolutism | Interregnum | stadholders |
| Maximilian de Bethune | Oliver Cromwell | Reasons for the Decline of Spain |
| Henry IV of France | Instrument of Government | Nicholas Poussin |
| Cardinal Richelieu | Levellers/ Diggers | Robert Walpole/ CABAL |
| Louis XIII | Puritannical Absolutism | Act of Succession |
| "Raison D'Etat" | Test Act (1673) | Queen Anne |
| Balance of Power Diplomacy | The Restoration | Prince Eugene of Savoy |
| Bishop Jacques Bossuet/ Politics Drawn from Holy Scripture | Charles II/ Treaty of Dover | Duke of Marlborough |
| Thomas Hobbes/ Leviathon | Oates Plot | Battle of Blenheim |
| Versailles/ "Playboy Mansion" | Gunpowder Plot | Bishop Cornelius Jansen |
| J.B. Colbert/ Mercantilism | Lord Fairfax | corvee |
| Cardinal Mazarin/ The Fronde (1648-53) | The Glorious Revolution | nobility of the robe/ nobility of the sword |
| Marquis de Louvois | William and Mary | intendants |
| Jean Martinet | Parliament/ Bill of Rights/ Constitutional Monarchy | Duc de Saint-Simon |
| Sebastian Vauban | French Classicism | |
| "Court of the High Commission" | Racine/ Moliere/ Corneille | |
| Archbishop Wiliam Laud | Balance of Trade/ Balance of Power | |
| Long Parliament | Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) | |
| Triennial Act | Louis' Wars | |
| John Pym | War of Spanish Successsion | |
| James I | Treaty of Utrecht (1713) | |
| Charles I | "L'Etat, C'est Moi" | |
| Petition of Right | Asiento | |
| English Civil War | Golden Age of the Netherlands |
CHAPTER 17
| Eastern Absolutism vs. Western Absolutism | St. Basil's Cathedral |
| Eastern European Peasantry/ 2nd Serfdom | Boyars |
| Suleiman the Magnificent | "The Time of Troubles" |
| Ottoman Turks | Stenka Razin/ Cossaks |
| Siege of Vienna (1683) | Believers/ Non-Believers |
| The Hapsburgs of Austria | Archbishop Nikon |
| Pragmatic Sanction (1713) | Peter the Great |
| Leopold I | Holy Synod |
| Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) | Service Nobility |
| Magyars | Great Northern War/ Peace of Nystad (1721) |
| Charles VI | Battles of Narva and Poltava |
| Rakoczy Rebellion | Strelsti Rebellion |
| Brandenburg (The Sandbox) | St. Petersburg |
| The House of Hohenzollern | Eastern European Baroque |
| Frederick William "The Great Elector" | Wurzburg/ Schoenbrunn |
| King Frederick I/ also Frederick VII "the ostentatious" | Karlsruhe |
| Frederick William I "the Solider King" | The Romanov Dynasty |
| Junkers | The Table of Ranks |
| Ghengis Khan/ Mongols/ Golden Hordes | |
| Tsar | |
| Kievan Rus' | |
| Ivan III, The Great/ Defeat of Novgorad | |
| Muscovite Russia | |
| Ivan IV, "The Terrible" |
CHAPTER 18
| Nicholas Copernicus/ On Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres (1543) | Development of science and mathematics as an aid to navigation: Barometer, Microscope, Pendulum Clock, Telescope, Thermometer | Madame Geoffrin, Julie de Lespinasse, Madame de Tencin |
| Ptolemaic/ Aristotelian Geocentrism | Natural Laws | Frederick II "the Great" |
| Heliocentric theory | The Age of Reason | Joseph II |
| Tycho Brahe/ Geo-Heliocentric Theory | Enlightenment | Maria Theresa |
| Johannes Kepler | Voltaire | Count Wenzel Anton Kaunitz |
| Galileo Galelei/ Dialogue on Two Chief Systems (1632) | Deism/ Religious toleration | War of Austrian Succession |
| Sir Isaac Newton/ Principia Mathematica (1687) | Bernard de Fontenelle | Seven Years' War |
| Francis Bacon/ Novum Organum (1620) | Pierre Bayle | Catherine the Great |
| Rene Descartes/ Discourse on Method (1637) | John Locke | Pugachev Rebellion |
| Inductive/ Deductive Method | J.J. Rousseau | Partition of Poland |
| Anders Celsius | Baron de Montesquieu | Louis XV |
| Robert Boyle | Denis Diderot/ Jean le Rond D'Alembert | Rene de Maupeou |
| Gottfried von Leibniz | Francois Quesnay, Jacques Turgot, Physiocrats | Parlement of Paris |
| Carolus Linneaus | Cesare Beccaria | "Power of the Purse" |
| William Harvey | Marquis de Condorcet | Tsar Peter III's "save" |
| Anton von Leuuwenhoek | Adam Smith | Enlightened Despotism |
| Andreas Vesalius | Les Salons/ Les Salonieres | Daniel Defoe |
| James Hutton | Baron Paul D'Holbach | Jonathon Swift |
| John Napier | David Hume | William Hogarth |
| Christian Huygens | Blaise Pascal | Rococco Art Period |
| Greshem College | Baruch Spinoza | English School Painters |
| French Academie | Philosophes | War of Polish Succession |
| Royal Society of London | Tabula Rasa | War of Jenkins' Ear |
| Pope Urban VII | Immanuel Kant | Silesia |
| Diplomatic Revoluton/ Convention of Westminster (1759) | |
CHAPTER 19
| Open-Field System | Enclosure Acts (1st and 2nd) |
| Jean Francois Millet/ The Gleaners (1857) | Cottage Industry/ Putting out System |
| Charles "turnip" Townshend | Population Explosion |
| Jethro Tull | Navigation Acts |
| Cornelius Vermuyden | Bullionism/ Mercantilism/ Capitalism |
| Agricultural Revolution | Commercial Rivalries |
| Robert Bakewell | International Wars (18th Century) |
| Arthur Young | King George's War (1740-48) |
| Cyrus McCormick | French and Indian War (1756-63) |
| Eli Whitnes | Treaty of Paris (1763) |
| William Pitt the Elder | |
| Robert Clive/ Battle of Plassey (1757) | |
CHAPTER 20
| Extended and Nuclear Families | Surgeons/Physicians/Faith Healers/Apothecaries |
| Marriage Patterns of 17th and 18th century | William Tuke/ Lunatic |
| Pre-Marital Sex and Community Controls | Lady Mary Wortley Montague |
| Wet-Nursing | Edward Jenner/ Small Pox |
| Overlaying | Edict of Idle Institutions |
| Foundling Hospitals/ Infanticide | Public/ Masses |
| Schools/ Popular Literature | John Wesley/ Charles Wesley |
| Diets/ Nutrition | Pietism/Methodism |
| gout/scurvy | L'Hotel-Dieu/ Diderot |
| The Potato | J.J. Rousseau/ Emile |
CHAPTER 21
| Liberalism | July 14, 1789 | Girondists |
| Marquis de Lafayette | The Bastille | Levee en Masse |
| Stamp Act | Declaration of the Rights of Man | The Guillotine |
| George Grenville | Mary Wollestonecraft/ Olympe de Gouges | "The Revolutions devours its own!" |
| "no taxation without representation" | Moderate/Radical Revoluton | Temple of Reason |
| Townshend Acts | The Great Fear/ Night of September 4th | Thermidorian Reaction |
| Boston Massacre/ Tea Party | Jacobins/Cordeliers/Feuillants | White Terror |
| American Revolution | assignats | Francois Babeuf |
| Thomas Paine/ Common Sense | Civil Constitution of the Clergy | The Directory |
| Thomas Jefferson | National Assembly (1789-91) | Napoleon Bonaparte |
| Articles of Confederations | Legislative Assembly (1791-92) | The Coalition Wars |
| U.S. Constitution/ Bill of Rights | National Convention (1792-95) | The Egyptian Campaign |
| Federalists/ Anti-Federalists | Emigres | Concordat of 1801 |
| Jacques Necker | Declaration of Pillnitz | Lycees/ L'Ecole Polytechnique |
| Assembly of Notables | The Brunswick Manifesto | Napoleonic Code (1804) |
| Estates General | The Flight of Varennes | Battle of Trafalgar |
| Louis XVI | Women's March (Oct. 5-6, 1789) | Admiral Horatio Nelson |
| Edmund Burke | Le Vendee | Battle of Austelitz |
| Tennis Court Oath | The Mountain | Treaty of Tilsit |
| Cahiers des Doleances | September Massacres | Continental System |
| Third Estate | Committee of Public Safefy | Peninsular War |
| Abbe Joseph Sieyes/ What is the Third Estate? | Sans-Culottes | Russian Campaign |
| Compte de Mirabeau | Robespierre | Duke of Wellington |
| The Bread Thing | Marat, Danton, Carnot | Fall/ 100 Days |
| Treaty of Chaumont | Goya/ The Third of May, 1808 | |
| Waterloo | ||
| Elba/ St. Helena | ||
| Jacques Louis David | ||
| Nepotism | ||
| Napoleonic Code on the Road |
| *The rest of the study guide terms will be up before the
beginning of 2nd semester.
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SECOND SEMESTER STUDY GUIDE TERMS |
| Chapter 22 |
| James Hargreaves/ John Kay | "Cottage Industry" |
| Richard Arwwright | Gottlieb Daimler/ Karl Benz/ Rudolf Diesel |
| Samuel Crompton | Crystal Palace Exhibition (1851) |
| Edmund Cartwright | 'Workshop of the World" |
| Eli Whitney | William Lovett/ London Workingman's Association |
| Ned Ludd/ Luddites | Chartism/ The Northern Star/ Feargus O'Conner |
| Thomas Savery/Thomas Newcomen | Thomas Malthus/ David Ricardo |
| James Watt/ The Watt Revolution | William Cockerill / Fritz Harcourt/ Friedrich List |
| Henry Bessemer/ William Siemens/ Henry Cort | The Zollverein/ Credit Mobilier |
| George Stephenson/ The Rocket | Samuel F.B. Morse |
| Robert Fulton/ Clermont | William Blake/ "Satanic Mills" |
| The Combination Acts | Friedich Engels/ The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844) |
| GNTCU/ Grand National Consolidated Trade Union | Edwin Chadwick |
| Robert Owen/ The Sadler Commission/ Factory Act of 1833 | |
| Ashley Mines Commission/ Hurriers/ The Mines Act of 1842 | |
| Chapter 23 |
| "Dual Revolution" | Guiseppe Mazzini/ Carbonari/ Young Italy/ Popolari |
| Quadruple Alliance | Louis Kossuth |
| Klemens von Metternich | Burchenschaften/ Karlsbad Decrees/ Karl Sand/ Auguste von Kotzebue |
| Robert Castlereagh | French Utopian Socialism |
| Charles Talleyrand | Charles Fourier/ Robert Owen/ Louis Blanc/ Pierre Proudhon/ Count de Saint-Simon |
| Congress of Vienna | Auguste Blanqui |
| Polish Kingdom and Saxony | Friedrich Engels/ Karl Marx/ Communist Manifesto/ Das Kapital |
| Prince Karl von Hardenberg | Georg Hegel/ Hegelian Dialectic |
| The Concert System | Sturm and Drang/ "Storm and Stress" |
| Congress of Aix-La-Chappelle | Romanticism |
| Congresses of Troppau/ Laibach/ Verona | Heinrich Heine |
| Kingdom of the Two Sicilies/ Spanish Revolt | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe |
| Monroe Doctrine | Promethean Myth/ Napoleonic Ideal |
| George Canning/ "Splendid Isolationism" | Friedrich von Schiller |
| Greek Independence Movement | William Wordsworth/ Samuel Coleridge |
| Treaties of Adrianople and London | Lord Byron |
| Belgian Independence/ Neutrality Act of 1829 | Percy Bysshe Shelley |
| Conservatism/ Metternich/ Burke/ de Maistre/ Pope Pius IX | John Keats |
| Adam Smith/ The Wealth of Nations (1776) | William Blake |
| Thomas Malthus/ David Ricardo | Sir Walter Scott |
| Modern Liberalism/ Classical Liberalism | Victor Hugo |
| John Stuart Mill/ Jeremy Bentham | Alexandre Dumas |
| Utilitarianism | Alexander Pushkin |
| Nationalism/ Jacob Fichte/ Johann Herder/ G.W.F. Hegel/ Frantisek Palacky/ Jules Michelet | Eugene Delacroix |
| Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm | Theodore Gericault |
| Francisco Goya | Daniel O'Connell/ Thomas Osborne Davis/ Charles Stewart Parnell/ The Repeal Association/ Fenianism/ Catholic Emancipation Act (1829) |
| George Sand | Constitutional Charter of 1814/ King Louis XVIII |
| Ludwig von Beethoven/ Wolfgang von Mozart/ Richard Wagner/ Giuseppe Verdi/ Franz Liszt/ Frederic Chopin | Ultra-Royalists |
| John Constable/ J.M.W. Turner | Chamber of Peers/ Chamber of Deputies |
| Tories/ Whigs | Charles X/ Prince of Polignac |
| Duke of Wellington | July Revolution |
| Corn Laws | Louis Phillippe/ July Monarchy |
| Peterloo Massacre/ Cato Street Conpiracy | Francois Guizot |
| "Six Acts" | Revolutions of 1848 |
| Robert Peel/ "Bobbies"/ John Howard | February Revolution/ (France) |
| Reform Bill of 1832/ "Rotten Boroughs" | The Second Republic |
| Earl Grey | Louis Blanc/ Workshops |
| Repeal of Corn Laws (1846) | June Days Revolt |
| Anti-Corn Law League/ Richard Cobden and John Bright | General Louis Cavaignac |
| Irish Potato Famine / Genocide | Franz Joseph |
| Ten Hours Act of 1847 | Frederick William IV |
| Ulster | Frankfurt Assembly |
| William Cobbett | Schleswig and Holstein |
| Chartism | "Grossdeutsch and Kleindeutsch" |
| Ulster | "Crown from the Gutter"/ Humiliation at Olmutz |
| Robot | Jose de San Martin/ Simon Bolivar/ Gran Columbia |
| Marshal Alfred von Windishgratz | Augustine de Iturbide |
| Joseph Radetsky/ Battle of Custozza | Dom Pedro I and II |
| Guiseppe Garibaldi | |
| Touissant L'Ouverture/J.J. Dessalines/ Haitian Revolt |
| Chapter 24 |
| Taming the City | Voix des Femmes |
| King Cholera | Theodore Herzl/ Zionism/ Marcus Garvey |
| Baron Georges Haussman | Realism |
| Edwin Chadwick/ "On the Sanitary Conditions of the Laboring Population" | Emile Zola |
| Miasmatic Theory of Disease | Honore de Balzac/ Gustave Flaubert |
| Louis Pasteur | George Eliot/ Charles Dickens/Thomas Hardy |
| Robert Koch/ Joseph Lister/ Bacterial Revolution | Henrik Ibsen |
| Zoning Expropriation Laws | Fyodor Dostoyevksy/Leo Tolstoy/Anton Chekov/ Ivan Turgenev |
| The Urban Elite | Theodore Dreiser |
| Labor Aristocracy | Realism in the Arts/ Courbet/ Manet/ American Artists |
| Samuel Smiles | Impressionism/ Post-Impressionism |
| Dmitri Mendelev/ Michael Faraday | |
| Auguste Compte/ System of Positive Philosophy | |
| The Triumph of Science | |
| Charles Darwin/ On Origins of Species/ The Descent of Man | |
| Thomas Huxley/ Darwin's Bulldog/ Evolution and Ethics | |
| David Friedrich Strauss/ Ernest Renan/ The Life of Jesus | |
| Pope Pius IX / Syllabus of Errors/ Pope Leo XIII/ Rerum Novarum | |
| Herbert Spencer/ Social Darwinism | |
| Count Arthur de Gobineau/ Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races | |
| H.S. Chamberlain/ Foundations of the 19th Century | |
| Hermann Ahlwardt/Eduard Drumont/ The Kishinev Pogrom (1903)/ | |
| Emmeline Pankhurts/ W.S.P.U. | |
| Cat and Mouse Act | |
| Emily Davidson/ Derby Day |
| Chapter 25 |
| Louis Napoleon Bonaparte | King Wilhelm I | Tsar Nicholas II |
| Napoleonic Ideas/ The Elimination of Poverty | Annexation of Alsace and Lorraine/ Treaty of Frankfurt (1871) | October Manifesto/ Fundamental Laws |
| Italian Unification | "Modernization of Russia" | Peter Stolypin/ Agrarian Reform Act of 1906 |
| Guiseppe Mazzini | Tsar Alexander I | Duma |
| Pope Pius IX/ Syllabus of Errors | Decembrist Revolt (1825) | Kulturkampf |
| Camillo Cavour | Tsar Nicholas I | Reichstag/ Bundesrat |
| Sardinia-Piedmont | Sergei Uvarov/ "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism" | Antisocialist Law of 1878 |
| Victor Emmanuel II/ House of Savoy | Organic Statute/ Suppression of Polish Revolt (1830) | Catholic Center Party |
| Guiseppe Garibaldi/ "Red Shirts" | Westernizers and Slavophiles | Bismarck's Social Legislation |
| The Dis of 1859/ Peace of Villafranca | Alexander Herzen/ Kolokol | Kaiser Wilhelm II |
| German Unification | Mikhail Bakunin/ Anarchism/ Nihilism | Weltpolitik |
| Otto von Bismarck | Crimean War (Treaty of Paris, 1856) |