CHAPTER 23: Life in the Industrial Age
Advances in Technology and Communication
A. Electricity
1. Scientific discoveries led to use of new technologies, materials processes
2. Electricity fundamental to second phase of Industrial Revolution
a. Dynamo developed in 1876, generated electricity
b. Thomas Edison patented many inventions
c.
3. Electricity remarkably good source of power, easily transmitted, used
B. Engines
1. Gottlieb Daimler perfected internal combustion engine
2. Rudolf Diesel invented diesel engine
3. Passenger car industry significant in major economies
a. Required discovery, use of petroleum
b. Developed spin-off industries
4. Automobile brought greater individual mobility, contact with other areas, increased noise, air pollution
C. Laborsaving Devices
1. 1890s, bicycles, sewing machines, cameras, typewriters
2. Ideas transformed into products almost immediately
Advances in Science and Medicine
A. Darwin and Evolution
1.
Copernicus’ work began
a. By 19th century, research expanded
b. Results almost immediately, practically applied
2. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution rocked the 19th-century world
a. Wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859
b. Attributed changes in species to natural causes
c. Classical thinkers, Hegel advanced evolutionary concepts of change
d.
3. August Weismann and Gregor Mendel worked along similar lines to explore genetic relationships
a. Based on their work, chromosomes discovered
b. Theory of mutation developed
B. Medicine, Chemistry, and Physics
1. Medicine made major advances
a. Joseph Lister developed antiseptic practices
b. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch developed germ theory of disease, laid foundations for bacteriology, immunology
2. Chemistry made major strides
a. John Dalton, Dmitri Mendeleev drew up periodic tables of elements
b. Biochemistry, chemotherapy made medical advances
3. Physics went through a revolution
a. Michael Faraday paved way for use of dynamo
b. James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz investigated electromagnetic phenomena
c. Pierre and Marie Curie made major strides toward discovery of X-rays and radioactivity
d. Ernest Rutherford helped develop electron theory, increased knowledge of atom
Social Sciences in the Industrial Age
A. Rise of Subjects
1. Archaeology is the study of human culture through artifacts
2. Anthropology is the study of different societies
a. the idea of culture established
3. Sociology is the study of relationships in society
a. Auguste Comte used scientific methods
b. Herbert Spencer used
4. Psychology is the study of the mind and human behavior
a. Ivan Pavlov discovered the conditioned response
b. Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis and modern day psychiatry
Society and Culture
A. Emigration
1. at all time high in the 19th century
a. racial/religious discrimination
b. economic conditions, labor demand, and improved transportation
B. City Growth exploded during the Industrial Revolution
1. sanitation and public order developed during the late 19th century
2. suburbs developed for upper class initially, for everyone as time went on
3. life expectancy and population increased as diet improved
C. Public Education
1. Industrialists wanted educated workers
2. governments ran system and required children to attend
3. women slowly gained access to higher education
D. Leisure and Cultural Activities
1. Sports developed including soccer, rugby, football, bicycling, and baseball
2. Cities constructed buildings to hold musical performances, art work
3. Governments were convinced to develop parks for recreation
Literature, Music, and Art
A. Romanticism
1. More consumers of culture as wealth spread, population grew
2. Victor Hugo, Sir Walter Scott set new standards, wrote historical novels
3. British poets Wordsworth, Coleridge unleashed emotions, gained large audiences
B. Realism
1. Artists and writers responded to new age with realist movement
a. Artists experimented with range of new forms
2. Replaced romanticism after mid-century
a. Had to faithfully and graphically report life
3. Mark Twain,
Harriet B. Stowe, Henry James wrote in realistic style in
C. Beethoven and His Successors
1. Ludwig van Beethoven served as bridge between classical, romantic composers
2. Chopin, Sibelius, Dvorak, Smetna, Tchaikovsky, Moussorgsky, Rachmaninov included folk themes
3. Richard Wagner, Giuseppe Verdi created core of modern opera
4. Ascendant middle class helped finance opera houses, symphonic halls
D. Impressionism in the Arts
1. Painters did not strive for surface reality
2. Gustave Courbet dropped unnecessary details, emphasized brush strokes, color
3. Impressionists (Monet, Manet, Degas, Cassatt, Renoir)
a. Focused on color, light atmosphere
b. Sacrificed clarity to achieve effect
4. Paul Cézanne, Vincent Van Gogh, post-impressionists
5. Auguste Rodin, father of modern sculpture